Overview
Hashimoto's disease is a form of chronic inflammation that can damage the thyroid, reducing its ability to produce hormones. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the lower neck that makes hormones helping regulate growth and development, body temperature, heart rate, menstrual cycles, and weight.
Hashimoto's disease is the most common cause of thyroid underactivity (hypothyroidism) in the United States, affecting 1 to 2 percent of people. It occurs more often in women than in men, which may be related to hormonal factors.
The condition is classified as an autoimmune disorder — white blood cells called lymphocytes accumulate abnormally in the thyroid, which can damage it. The lymphocytes make antibodies that attack and destroy thyroid cells. When too many thyroid cells become damaged or die, the thyroid can no longer make enough hormones to regulate body functions.
Hashimoto's disease usually appears in mid-adulthood, although it can occur earlier or later in life. Its signs and symptoms tend to develop gradually over months or years.
Signs & Symptoms
Causes & Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Hashimoto's disease is diagnosed through blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels (TSH and T4) and check for the presence of thyroid antibodies (anti-TPO and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies).
A high TSH level with low T4 indicates hypothyroidism. The presence of thyroid antibodies confirms the autoimmune nature of the condition. A thyroid ultrasound may also be performed to assess the size and structure of the gland.
Treatment Options
Important Facts
Hashimoto's disease affects 1 to 2 percent of people in the United States.
It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.
Some people with thyroid antibodies never develop hypothyroidism or experience symptoms.
Regular monitoring is important as the condition can progress over time.
Medical information adapted from MedlinePlus — U.S. National Library of Medicine. Always consult with your physician for personalized medical advice.
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